OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEM
Generalization
Generalization/Specialization represents the is a relationship set , an essential element of the object oriented paradigm. The main idea in Generalization/Specialization is that one object class (the specialization) is a subset of another (the generalization).
Generalization/Specialization is represented by a transparent triangle with a line connecting the generalization and a vertex of the triangle, and another line from a base of the triangle to the specialization. (In order to avoid ambiguity, it is very important to make sure that one of the specialization classes don't accidentally connect to another vertex). The is a relationship set is not explicitly labeled because the name of the relationship is implied by the transparent triangle. The direction of the is a relationship goes from the specialization to the generalization, that is, it may be stated as, "Specialization Class Is-a Generalization Class."
In the example below animal is the generalization and pet is the specialization, indicating that a pet is a special kind of animal. Since all objects in the pet object class are also in the animal object class, the pet object class is a subset of the animal object class. In other words, animal is a generalization of pet, and pet is a specialization of animal.
What is WWW
• WWW stands for the World Wide Web
• The World Wide Web is most often called the Web
• The Web is a network of computers all over the world
• All the computers in the Web can communicate with each other
• All the computers use a communication standard called HTTP
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How Does the WWW Work?
• Web information is stored in documents called Web pages
• Web pages are files stored on computers called Web servers
• Computers reading the Web pages are called Web clients
• Web clients view the pages with a program called a Web browser
• Popular browsers are Internet Explorer and Mozilla Firefox
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How Does the Browser Fetch the Pages?
• A browser fetches a Web page from a server by a request
• A request is a standard HTTP request containing a page address
• A page address looks like: http://www.someone.com/page.htm
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How Does the Browser Display the Pages?
• All Web pages contain instructions on how to be displayed
• The browser displays the page by reading these instructions
• The most common display instructions are called HTML tags
• The HTML tag for a paragraph looks like this:
• A paragraph in HTML is defined like this
This is a Paragraph
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Who is Making the Web Standards?
• The Web standards are not made up by Netscape or Microsoft
• The rule-making body of the Web is the W3C
• W3C stands for the World Wide Web Consortium
• W3C puts together specifications for Web standards
• The most essential Web standards are HTML, CSS and XML
• The latest HTML standard is XHTML 1.0
Cyber Law of India : Introduction
In Simple way we can say that cyber crime is unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or a target or both
Cyber crimes can involve criminal activities that are traditional in nature, such as theft, fraud, forgery, defamation and mischief, all of which are subject to the Indian Penal Code. The abuse of computers has also given birth to a gamut of new age crimes that are addressed by the Information Technology Act, 2000.
(1) The Computer as a Target :-using a computer to attack other computers.
e.g. Hacking, Virus/Worm attacks, DOS attack etc.
e.g. Cyber Terrorism, IPR violations, Credit card frauds, EFT frauds, Pornography etc.
Technological advancements have created new possibilities for criminal activity, in particular the criminal misuse of information technologies such as
a. Unauthorized access and Hacking:-
Access means gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memory function resources of a computer, computer system or computer network.
d. E-mail & IRC related crimes:-
Distributed DOS
A distributed denial of service (DoS) attack is accomplished by using the Internet to break into computers and using them to attack a network.
Hundreds or thousands of computer systems across the Internet can be turned into “zombies” and used to attack another system or website.
Types of DOS
There are three basic types of attack:
a. Consumption of scarce, limited, or non-renewable resources like NW bandwith, RAM, CPU time. Even power, cool air, or water can affect.
b. Destruction or Alteration of Configuration Information
c. Physical Destruction or Alteration of Network Components
e. Pornography:-
The literal mining of the term 'Pornography' is “describing or showing sexual acts in order to cause sexual excitement through books, films, etc.”
This would include pornographic websites; pornographic material produced using computers and use of internet to download and transmit pornographic videos, pictures, photos, writings etc.
Adult entertainment is largest industry on internet.There are more than 420 million individual pornographic webpages today.
Research shows that 50% of the web-sites containing potentially illegal contents relating to child abuse were ‘Pay-Per-View’. This indicates that abusive images of children over Internet have been highly commercialized.
Pornography delivered over mobile phones is now a burgeoning business, “driven by the increase in sophisticated services that deliver video clips and streaming video, in addition to text and images.”
Effects of Pornography
Research has shown that pornography and its messages are involved in shaping attitudes and encouraging behavior that can harm individual users and their families.
Pornography is often viewed in secret, which creates deception within marriages that can lead to divorce in some cases.
In addition, pornography promotes the allure of adultery, prostitution and unreal expectations that can result in dangerous promiscuous behavior.
Some of the common, but false messages sent by sexualized culture.
Sex with anyone, under any circumstances, any way it is desired, is beneficial and does not have negative consequences.
Women have one value - to meet the sexual demands of men.
Marriage and children are obstacles to sexual fulfillment.
Everyone is involved in promiscuous sexual activity, infidelity and premarital sex.
Pornography Addiction
Dr. Victor Cline, an expert on Sexual Addiction, found that there is a four-step progression among many who consume pornography.
1.Addiction: Pornography provides a powerful sexual stimulant or aphrodisiac effect, followed by sexual release, most often through masturbation.
2.Escalation: Over time addicts require more explicit and deviant material to meet their sexual "needs."
3.Desensitization: What was first perceived as gross, shocking and disturbing, in time becomes common and acceptable.
4.Acting out sexually: There is an increasing tendency to act out behaviors viewed in pornography.
g. Forgery:-
Counterfeit currency notes, postage and revenue stamps, mark sheets etc can be forged using sophisticated computers, printers and scanners.
Also impersonate another person is considered forgery.
h. IPR Violations:-
These include software piracy, copyright infringement, trademarks violations, theft of computer source code, patent violations. etc.
Cyber Squatting- Domain names are also trademarks and protected by ICANN’s domain dispute resolution policy and also under trademark laws.
Cyber Squatters registers domain name identical to popular service provider’s domain so as to attract their users and get benefit from it.
i. Cyber Terrorism:-
Targeted attacks on military installations, power plants, air traffic control, banks, trail traffic control, telecommunication networks are the most likely targets. Others like police, medical, fire and rescue systems etc.
Cyberterrorism is an attractive option for modern terrorists for several reasons.
1.It is cheaper than traditional terrorist methods.
2.Cyberterrorism is more anonymous than traditional terrorist methods.
3.The variety and number of targets are enormous.
4.Cyberterrorism can be conducted remotely, a feature that isespecially appealing to terrorists.
5.Cyberterrorism has the potential to affect directly a larger number of people.
j. Banking/Credit card Related crimes:-
In the corporate world, Internet hackers are continually looking for opportunities to compromise a company’s security in order to gain access to confidential banking and financial information.
Use of stolen card information or fake credit/debit cards are common.
Bank employee can grab money using programs to deduce small amount of money from all customer accounts and adding it to own account also called as salami.
k. E-commerce/ Investment Frauds:-
Sales and Investment frauds. An offering that uses false or fraudulent claims to solicit investments or loans, or that provides for the purchase, use, or trade of forged or counterfeit securities.
Merchandise or services that were purchased or contracted by individuals online are never delivered.
The fraud attributable to the misrepresentation of a product advertised for sale through an Internet auction site or the non-delivery of products purchased through an Internet auction site.
Investors are enticed to invest in this fraudulent scheme by the promises of abnormally high profits.
l. Sale of illegal articles:-
This would include trade of narcotics, weapons and wildlife etc., by posting information on websites, auction websites, and bulletin boards or simply by using email communication.
Research shows that number of people employed in this criminal area. Daily peoples receiving so many emails with offer of banned or illegal products for sale.
m. Online gambling:-
There are millions of websites hosted on servers abroad, that offer online gambling. In fact, it is believed that many of these websites are actually fronts for money laundering.
n. Defamation: -
Defamation can be understood as the intentional infringement of another person's right to his good name.
Cyber Defamation occurs when defamation takes place with the help of computers and / or the Internet. E.g. someone publishes defamatory matter about someone on a website or sends e-mails containing defamatory information to all of that person's friends. Information posted to a bulletin board can be accessed by anyone. This means that anyone can place
Cyber defamation is also called as Cyber smearing.
Cyber Stacking:-
Cyber stalking involves following a persons movements across the Internet by posting messages (sometimes threatening) on the bulletin boards frequented by the victim, entering the chat-rooms frequented by the victim, constantly bombarding the victim with emails etc.
In general, the harasser intends to cause emotional distress and has no legitimate purpose to his communications.
p. Pedophiles:-
Also there are persons who intentionally prey upon children. Specially with a teen they will let the teen know that fully understand the feelings towards adult and in particular teen parents.
They earns teens trust and gradually seduce them into sexual or indecent acts.
Pedophiles lure the children by distributing pornographic material, then they try to meet them for sex or to take their nude photographs including their engagement in sexual positions.
q. Identity Theft :-
Identity theft is the fastest growing crime in countries like America.
Identity theft occurs when someone appropriates another's personal information without their knowledge to commit theft or fraud.
Identity theft is a vehicle for perpetrating other types of fraud schemes.
r. Data diddling:-
Data diddling involves changing data prior or during input into a computer.
In other words, information is changed from the way it should be entered by a person typing in the data, a virus that changes data, the programmer of the database or application, or anyone else involved in the process of having information stored in a computer file.
It also include automatic changing the financial information for some time before processing and then restoring original information.
s. Theft of Internet Hours:-
Unauthorized use of Internet hours paid for by another person.
By gaining access to an organisation's telephone switchboard (PBX) individuals or criminal organizations can obtain access to dial-in/dial-out circuits and then make their own calls or sell call time to third parties.
Additional forms of service theft include capturing 'calling card' details and on-selling calls charged to the calling card account, and counterfeiting or illicit reprogramming of stored value telephone cards.
t. Theft of computer system (Hardware):-
This type of offence involves the theft of a computer, some part(s) of a computer or a peripheral attached to the computer.
u. Physically damaging a computer system:-
Physically damaging a computer or its peripheralseither by shock, fire or excess electric supply etc.
v. Breach of Privacy and Confidentiality
Privacy
Privacy refers to the right of an individual/s to determine when, how and to what extent his or her personal data will be shared with others.
Breach of privacy means unauthorized use or distribution or disclosure of personal information like medical records, sexual preferences, financial status etc.
Confidentiality
It means non disclosure of information to unauthorized or unwanted persons.
In addition to Personal information some other type of information which useful for business and leakage of such information to other persons may cause damage to business or person, such information should be protected.
Generally for protecting secrecy of such information, parties while sharing information forms an agreement about he procedure of handling of information and to not to disclose such information to third parties or use it in such a way that it will be disclosed to third parties.
Many times party or their employees leak such valuable information for monitory gains and causes breach of contract of confidentiality.
Special techniques such as Social Engineering are commonly used to obtain confidential information.
What is HTML?
HTML is a language for describing web pages.
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language
A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages
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HTML Tags
HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags
HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like
HTML tags normally come in pairs like and
The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
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HTML Documents = Web Pages
HTML documents describe web pages
HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
HTML documents are also called web pages
The purpose of a web browser (like Internet Explorer or Firefox) is to read HTML documents and display them as web pages. The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses the tags to interpret the content of the page:
Introduction to Web Technology
Assignment 1
Q1. Who is the father of the web? What are his contributions in the history and growth of web?
Q2. What do you mean by web technologies? Write down the various steps to develop a multi – department web site.
Q3. Describe various protocols governing the web applications.
Q4. What are the essential skills that must be identified while selecting the members of a web project team?
Q5. Describe the role of W3C. Also give the names of primary hosts for W3C.
Q6. Discuss various factors which are to be addressed while designing websites for individuals.
Q7. Write short notes on: Cyber Laws.
Q8. Why was the need for Cyber Laws felt in India?
Q9. Discuss the salient features of Cyber Laws in India.
Q10. What are the characteristics of a good web project. List each characteristic in detail.
Q11. Write short note on: Web Project and Web Team.
Q12. Explain static web pages with the help of examples. Also discuss the advantages of static Web Pages.
Q13. Explain, with suitable example, the various communication issues with reference to web development.
Q14. What can be the stages and strategies required in order to develop a web project?
Q15. What do you mean by cyber crime? How can the cyber crimes be checked?
Q16. Why planning is must before developing a web site? What are the advantages of early planning?
Q17. What are the various tools for writing web projects?
